STARTING ERRORS; TAKING PENALTIES; BACKING A SAIL
21.1:
A boat sailing towards the pre-start side of the starting line or one of its extensions after her starting signal to start or to comply with rule 30.1 shall keep clear of a boat not doing so until her hull is completely on the pre-start side.
21.2:
A boat taking a penalty shall keep clear of one that is not.
21.3:
A boat moving astern, or sideways to windward, through the water by backing a sail shall keep clear of one that is not.